Water Supply Scheme

           Next to Air, the other important requirement for human life to exist is water. Water is Available in Various forms such as rivers, lake, stream etc. The earliest civilization organized on the bank of major rivers system and required water for drinking, bathing, cooking etc. But with the advancement of civilization the utility of water enormously increased and now such a stage has come that without well organized public water supply scheme, it is impossible to run the present civic life and development the town. The importance of water from quality come to be recognised gradually in the later days.

Water supply scheme:- 

           It is defined as to provide the water for the present population in required quantity and quality.

Necessity of Water Supply Scheme:- 

           The following are the necessity of water supply schemes are as follows

• For drinking and cooking
• For bathing and Washing
• For watering lawns and gardens 
• For heating and air conditioning system
• For growing crops 
• For street washing
• For fire fighting
• For recreation in swimming pools, fountains etc
• For stem power and various industrial process, etc and so on.......

Advantages of water supply scheme:- 1. Drinking:-  

            The good quality of water required for drinking purpose human body contains 70% of water 5-7 liters water required for a person per day for normal conditions.

2. Cooking:-

            Some quantity of water is required for cooking about 5-6 liters/day . It depend on standard society.

3. Household sanitary purpose:-

           For this water required for washing floors, cloth etc about 50-60 liters/day required.

Population forecast :-

           The method of estimating the population for the required period is known as population forecasting.

(For more details refer IS code)

Selection sources of water supply scheme:-

The selection of the source of water-supply to a town or city depends on the following factors.

1. Location of water source :-

            The source should be near to the town or city as possible. If the surface source like river, stream or reservoir is not the vicinity of the area then underground source of water is the only alternative.

2. Quantity of water :- 

           The source of the water should have ample amount of water to meet up all the demand of the city as domestic industrial. Fire resistance, public etc. It should also be able to meet the maximum demand in dry weather.

3. Quality of water :-

           The quality of water Should be such as which can be easily and cheaply treated. Therefore, as far as possible, the water of the source should be wholesome, safe and quite free from pollution.

4. Intake point :- 

           The point should be higher than that off the supply zone so that the water can flow by gravity. Otherwise, pumping unit required for the conveyance of water from the intake point to the treatment plant which will increase the cost of the water supply scheme.

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 Planning Of Building

 ABUTMENTS :-

           Ab abutment is a structure located at the end of a Bridge. The basic functions of an abutment are:

• Supporting the bridge Deck at the ends
• Retaining the approach road embackment
• Connecting the approach road to the bridge Deck

           There are different types of abutments. The selection of a perticular form of abutment depends on the geometry of the site and the size of the bridge. The simplest form of an abutment is a wall of considerable thickness provided with bridge seating arrangement at the top. A major difference b/w a conventional retaining wall and an abutment is that, an abutment is always associate with additional walls called WING WALLS. The major types of abutments currently  in use are explained below

Gravity Abutment :-

           A gravity Abutment resists horizontal earth pressure from the rear, with its own dead weight. To be stable, this leads to massive-sized abutment. These abutment may be of mass concrete or stone masonry. A gravity Abutment is composed of a back wall and splayed wing walls, which rest on foundation. The cross-section of this type of abutment is shown in below fig.....

U-Abutment :-

           When the wing walls of gravity Abutment are placed at the right angle to the back wall, the abutment is known as U-Abutment. The name U-Abutment is due to the Shape of this Abutment in plan. The wing walls are typically cast monolithically with the abutment back wall and cantilevered both vertically and horizontally. As shown in below fig...

Stub Abutment :-

           Stub Abutment are relatively short abutments, which are placed on top of the embackment or slope. Sufficient rocky terrain must prevail at the site, so that the stub Abutment can be support on piles which extend through the embackment. This is portrayed in Fig..

Counterfort Abutment :-

           A Counterfort Abutment is a very much similar to a Counterfort retaining wall. In Counterfort Abutment, a thin wall called counterfort connect the breast wall to the footing. These Counterfort are spaced at regular intervals so that the breast wall is designed as a supported slab rather than as a cantilever. Counterfort Abutment are used when high Abutments are required. This type of Abutment is shown in fig.....

Abutment

Tunnel