Planning Of Building

 Residential Building 

            Requirements for residential accommodation are different different classes of people and depends on the income and status of the individual, a highly rich family will require a luxurious building, while a poor man be satisfied with a single room house for even the poor class family. No hard and fast rule can be fixed for the design of building but for general guidance the following information may be helpful.

           For residential Building the livable area(Carpet Area) should be 50% to 65% of the plinth area with a target of 65%. The circulation Area should be minimum possible depending on the climatic condition of the region.

           A standard residential Building of bungalows type will have Drawing room, Dining room, Bed room, Office room, Guest room, kitchen, store, Pantry, Dressing room, Bath room, and W.Cs. front and rear Verandah,Stairs Etc. For other House the number of rooms may be reduced according to the requirements and money Available.

ARRANGEMENTS OF ROOMS, THEIR POSITION AND PURPOSES

Drawing room :-  

           Drawing room should be well lighted and ventilated and located in the heart of the building in the front having access from the all main rooms. For orthodox families observing purda, the drawing room may be placed in the front, having a verandah in the front and a lobby or dining room in the rear. Drawing room serves as recreation room, a study room, entertaining room for guests and visitors and a congregation room on special occasions of marriage, religious functions, etc. Floor of the drawing room should be mosaic and walls should be colour washed.

Dining Room :-

           This room should be located close to the drawing room by it's side or in the rear, and should be near to the pantry. This should be provided with a cup-board, and a wash hand basin should be fixed in one corner or side. In some cases for economy no separate dining room is prescribed with fly proof doors and windows. Floor and wall finish should be of the same type as for drawing room.

           The common walls in between the drawing room and dining room may be designed in such a way that both the rooms may be converted into hall on special occasions.

Bed room :-

           Bed room should be located on the sides of the building with at least one wall exposed to the outer space for ventilation and light. They should be placed on the sides of the prevailing wind with sufficient windows and ventilators having sun shades to protect against sun and rain. An ideal bed room receives sun's rays in the morning and free breeze in the night. If possible the bed rooms may be provided with small verandahs on the sides, so that each family member may sit in the verandah adjoining the bed room wherever they like . Bed room should be provided with attached bathroom and W.C. Ordinailly, one-third of one's time is spent at rest and sleep, the bed rooms should, therefore, be given special attention. Floor and walls should be treated with colour scheme pleasing and soothing to the eyes. In small houses due to Economic condition no separate drawing and dining room are provided, the bed rooms are used for sitting, drawing, reception, etc., Through this is not desirable.

Office Room :-

           This should be placed on the side of the front verandah, disconnected from other rooms. This is required for one's professional work or this may be used as spare room or study room.

Guest Room:-

           This room similar to office Room should be placed on the side of the front verandah, disconnected from other rooms and should have separate bath and W.C. attached to it. Office Room may be omitted if required, and the guest room may also serve as office room, as a guest may come and stay only on rare occasions. Relatives are generally accommodated inside the building as own family members.

           As far as possible each room should have direct entrance and exit from verandah or lobby.

Kitchen :- 

           Kitchen room should be placed in the rear of building in one corner opposite the direction of the prevailing wind so that smoke may not enter into other rooms of the building. It is better to have kitchen in a separate wing or block or disconnected with a lobby or verandah. Kitchen should be well ventilated and provided with shelves, fly proof doors and windows, and chimney for smoke to escape. Kitchen should also be provided with skin for washing.

Store room :- 

           This should be situated near the kitchen and meant for storing commodities as grain, flour, Dal and should be damp proof and rat proof.

Pantry :-

            This is small room and should be adjoining the dining room. This is meant for keeping cooked food, butter, jam, chutnies, etc. This should be provided with shelves, cup boards and a hot box may also be provided to keep cooked food.

Bath and W .C :-

           Bath and W.C. are usually combined in one room and attached to the bed rooms and should be well ventilated. This should be fitted with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, W.C., shelves, towel, racks , brackets , etc., all white glazed types. Floor should be mosaic and dado should be mosaic or white glazed tiles. 

Dressing room :-

           This should be adjacent to bath and W.C. and connected to bed rooms and should be furnished with dressing table, mirrors, brackets, etc. Dressing room is a luxury and provided only in high class building.

Verandah :- 

           There should be verandahs in the front as well as in the rear , and the  width of verandah should be 1.8m to 3.0m (6' to 10'). The front verandah servers as Sitting place for male members and waiting place for visitors. The back verandah servers as ladies appartments for their sitting , working , controlling kitchen work, etc. Verandah protect the rooms against direct sun , rain and weather effect. In a small houses the verandah may be 1.8m(6 feet) in width. The area of verandah of a building may very for 10% to 20% of the whole area of the building.

Stair Case :- 

           This should be located in a place easily accessible to all members of the family when this is intended for visitors , it should be in the front , may be on one side verandah , or placed in the rear. The staircase should be well ventilated and lighted. The minimum width of staircase should be 0.9 m (3 feet) clear of railing and may range upto 1.5m (5 feet). There should be a clear head-way of 2.1 m (7 feet) above each step and landing. The staircase should be construed in two flights having a landing in the middle to make it easy and comfortable to climb. Risers and traders should be uniform throughout to keep rythm while climbing or discerning.

           The relation between rise(R) and Tread(T) are given below :-

              R= 66/T , 

                               Or

                          R = 18 -- T , 

                              Or

                       R = ½ (24 -- T)

             Usually 15cm (6") rise and 25 cm (10") tread to 18 cm (7") rise and 28 cm (11") tread are provided. In ordinary building a maximum rise of 20 cm (8") and a minimum tread of 25 cm (10") may be provided.

For details about types Of Loads On Rcc structures click below link

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Types of load 

 ABUTMENTS :-

           Ab abutment is a structure located at the end of a Bridge. The basic functions of an abutment are:

• Supporting the bridge Deck at the ends
• Retaining the approach road embackment
• Connecting the approach road to the bridge Deck

           There are different types of abutments. The selection of a perticular form of abutment depends on the geometry of the site and the size of the bridge. The simplest form of an abutment is a wall of considerable thickness provided with bridge seating arrangement at the top. A major difference b/w a conventional retaining wall and an abutment is that, an abutment is always associate with additional walls called WING WALLS. The major types of abutments currently  in use are explained below

Gravity Abutment :-

           A gravity Abutment resists horizontal earth pressure from the rear, with its own dead weight. To be stable, this leads to massive-sized abutment. These abutment may be of mass concrete or stone masonry. A gravity Abutment is composed of a back wall and splayed wing walls, which rest on foundation. The cross-section of this type of abutment is shown in below fig.....

U-Abutment :-

           When the wing walls of gravity Abutment are placed at the right angle to the back wall, the abutment is known as U-Abutment. The name U-Abutment is due to the Shape of this Abutment in plan. The wing walls are typically cast monolithically with the abutment back wall and cantilevered both vertically and horizontally. As shown in below fig...

Stub Abutment :-

           Stub Abutment are relatively short abutments, which are placed on top of the embackment or slope. Sufficient rocky terrain must prevail at the site, so that the stub Abutment can be support on piles which extend through the embackment. This is portrayed in Fig..

Counterfort Abutment :-

           A Counterfort Abutment is a very much similar to a Counterfort retaining wall. In Counterfort Abutment, a thin wall called counterfort connect the breast wall to the footing. These Counterfort are spaced at regular intervals so that the breast wall is designed as a supported slab rather than as a cantilever. Counterfort Abutment are used when high Abutments are required. This type of Abutment is shown in fig.....

Abutment

Tunnel